what is meant by Ethnography

here I will explain in more detail about the ethnography, hopefully this article can help us to know what it's far more ethnography. if there is an error, please in criticism.

Ethnography

Ethnography is derived from the word ethos, the which nation or tribe and graphein ie writing or description.

Ethnography is the study of the life and culture of a community or ethnic groups, for example, about the customs, habits, law, art, religion, language. Vang field of study is very close to ethnography Ethnology, the comparative study of the cultures of the communities or groups (Richards et al., 1985).

The term is actually a term ethnographic anthropology, ethnography is an embryo of anthropology, born on the first stage of development before the 1800's. Ethnographic Also a record result when European explorers in search of spices to Indonesia. Koentjaraningrat, 1989: 1: "They recorded all the interesting phenomenon encountered during his travels, Among other things, contains On customs, the fabric of society, language and physical characteristics of Reviews These tribes".

Ethnographic roots Essentially anthropology is an activity of Researchers to understand how people berinteraksi and work closely with the observed phenomena of everyday life. Etnogarafi is a systematic delineation and analysis of a cultural group, community or tribe Gathered from the field in the same period.

Before the term ethnography of communication Increasingly popular use, the term ethnography of speaking (ethnography of speaking) Earlier Referred to as pemerian use spoken language. Ethnography of communication Becomes more widespread Because not only covers verbal modes of communication (speaking), but Also involves a daily communication (writing) as well as communication cues (gesture), gestures (kinesics), or signs (signing). The use of speech How are you?, Comment alle vous? (French), Hoe gaat het? (Dutch) with the same sense of course different modes of appearance with speech Dear Sirs, Dear Sir, Beste Meneer, Sincerely, yours sincerely.

The group's first speech Occurs in the oral mode, otherwise the second speech group only Appears in write mode. Both of Reviews These modes are Also very different from the mode of communication cues, body language or signs that use of limbs or tools. Indonesian people will nod his head to express the meaning of consent, but the Indians actually swinging the head to form a figure 8 motion to the same meaning. Tibetans rubbing his nose with nasal friends to express welcome, while the Indonesian people do the same thing to shake hands. Interestingly, Tibetans will stick out its tongue as a greeting to welcome guests, roomates for the Indonesian action interpreted as mocking. Instead greetings to welcome guests welcome Indonesian stated he allow entry and so on. If the Indonesia Reached into bowing down while walking sign that he asked for permission to ask passing in front of others, but for the Arabs, they would hold the head of the path. The Japanese have grasped the four fingers except the little finger to express the meaning of women, conversely Indonesia interpret such actions as statements take for granted or lightly against someone or something.

Etnography of speaking the term originally Introduced by an expert and an expert linguistic anthropology and American, Dell Hymes (in Gladwin, T. and Sturtevant, W., 1982; Also in Fishman, J., 1968). The term was later changed by the author into Etnography o fcommunication, since the term is Considered more Appropriate.

Charles Winnick (1915: 193) defines etnogarafi etnogarafi as the study of individual cultures, it is primarily adescriptvie and non-interpretive study. Adam E. Hoebal (1966: 8) ethnography is to erite about peoples as we use the term if Refers to descriptive study of human society ,, writes about society. Mengac writing on descriptive writing. Roger M.Keesing (1989: 250) defines etnogarafi as the creation of documentation and Certain cultural analaisis to conduct field research. This means that in a culture defines an ethnographer (ethnographic research) Also were Analyzed.

According to Hymes (1974), the term ethnography of communication itself shows the coverage is based on ethnographic studies and communication .. Scope of the study can not be separated, for example, just take the results of the study of linguistics, psychology, sociology , Ethnology, and then put it together. Focus of this study should examine Directly the use of language in the context of a particular situation, so that it can Observe Clearly the activity patterns said, and studies pursued can not be separated (separately), for example about grammar (as done by the linguist), about personality (such as psychology), social structure (such as sociology), about religion (such as Ethnology), and so forth. In connection with the foundation, a researcher can not form language, or even said, as a frame of reference is narrow. Researchers must take the context of a community (community), or a network of people, and then examine the overall communications activities, so that each code channel usage or communication is always a part of the repertoire of the community taken by the speakers when needed.

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